Turkic Peoples

The Aqatğır (Chinese: 曷嶻; Ancient Greek: Ἀκατζίρ, Ἀκατίρ) were an Oğur tribe under the Xuna that were active on the Eurasian Steppe.

The Avar (Chinese: 烏讙, 讙; Türük: 𐰯𐰺; Ancient Greek: Ἀβάρις, Βαρχονίτες) were remnants of the Northern Hoŋa, who took on the name of the ancient Avar, a Mongolic tribe that once roamed Inner-Asia. While a member of the Tägäräk confederation, they first appeared in the West during the 5th century C.E.

The Aşıŋa (Chinese: 烏孫, 阿史那) were originally a Late Antique people who inhabited the regions west of the Hoŋa. Some of their female descendants would marry into the Ju-qu clan, adopting their people’s ethnonym as a clan name. Others would migrate to Turän where they would be assimilated into local Iranic and later Turkic populations. The former group would go on to establish the Kök Türük El.

The Bayarğu or Bayırqu (Türük: 𐰉𐰖𐰺𐰸𐰆; Chinese: 拔也古, 拔野古, 拔野固, 拔曳固, 步落稽), also known as the Arğu (Türki: اَرْغوُ), are an ancient tribe of the Oğuz. The Mongolic-speaking Barğa (Mongolian: ᠪᠠᠷᠭ᠋ᠤ, Барга; Chinese: 巴爾虎; Manchu: ᠪᠠᡵᡥᡡ) and Buryad (Mongolian: ᠪᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠳ, Буряад, 不舌᠋里牙惕᠌; Chinese: 布里亚特, 布里雅特; Manchu: ᠪᡠᡵᡳᠶᠠᡨ, ᠪᡠᡵᠠᡨ) are their descendents.

The Halayuntlığ or Halat, also known as the Alat, Alatçin, Halatçin, and/or Ulayundluğ (Chinese: 賀賴, 曷剌, 遏羅支, 葛羅枝牙; Türki: اُوﻻيُنْدْلُغْ), were originally a Hoŋa sub-tribe; however, they gradually branched out, joining a variety of nomadic confederations. Their modern descendants are now scattered across the Asian continent in countries such as Azärbaycan, Türkiye, Türkmenistan, Özbekistȧn, Qazaqstan, Qırğızstan, Russia, and China.

The Hoŋa (Türük: 𐰆𐰣𐰍𐰃; Chinese: 匈奴, 溫那; Sanskrit: हूण; Bactrian: υονα; Brahmi: 𑀳𑀽𑀗𑀸) were a Turkic tribal confederation that inhabited the eastern Eurasian Steppe from at least the fourth century B.C.E. onwards. They transitioned into an empire in the year 209 B.C.E. when Bağatur Darğa (冒頓) reorganized the former confederacy.

The Höbün (Chinese: 宇文) were a Mongolized clan of Hoŋa origin during Late Antiquity.

The Osmanoğlu clan (Türkçe: Osmanoğlu), historically known as Xanedan-ı Al-i Osman (Türkçe: خاندان آل عثمان), were the founders of the Devlet-i Aliye-i Osmaniye, the "Sublime Ottoman State." They were a clan of the Qayığ sub-tribe of the Oğuz.

The Oğuz (Türük: 𐰆𐰍𐰔; Türki: ٱغُز; Türkçe: اوغوز) are a tribe of Oğuz-speaking people. Historically, the Oğuz sub-tribes practiced Tengrism; however, by the end of the 12th century C.E., they had mostly converted to Islam. Following their conversion, they would be known as Türkmän.

The Qarluq (Türük: 𐰴𐰺𐰞𐰸; Türki: قَرْلُق; Chinese: 葛邏祿; Persian: خَلُّخ; Arabic: قارلوق) were a late antique Turkic tribal confederacy that inhabited Central Asia.

The Qırğır (Chinese: 隔昆, 堅昆, 紇骨, 契骨; Ancient Greek: Xερχίρ), referred to in the West as the Yenisei Kyrgyz, are the ancestors of the modern Qırğız and Ğırğıs people. They were one of the major Turkic tribes within Inner-Asia, west of the Hoŋa and southwest of the Tägäräk. The center of their homeland was the meeting point of the Upper Yenisey and Lower Yenisey rivers, near the Minusinsk Basin. After the collapse of the Hoŋa empire, they split into various fragments, many carrying a variant of their original tribal name.

The Türk El, more commonly known as the state of the Qaraxan (Chinese: 喀喇汗國, 黑汗; Persian: قراخانیان), the Xaqani Türk (Türki: خاقانى تُرْكْ), and the Elig Xan (Persian: ایلک خانیان), was a medieval Turkic state ruled by the royal clan of Alp Är Toŋa, known also as the House of Äfrasiyab.

The Türük El (Türük: 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰃𐰠), also referred to simply as Türük (Türük: 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜 ,𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰚; Rouran: 𑀓𑁆𑀭𑀽𑀢𑀼; Korean: 돌굴) or Kök Türük (𐰚𐰇𐰜:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜), was a late antique Turkic state ruled by the Aşıŋa clan. They were known in Chinese sources as the Türküt (Chinese: 突厥), a name transmitted to the Chinese through the Rouran language.

The Xazar (Chinese: 可薩, 曷薩; Middle Persian: 𐮀𐮑𐮅𐮊, Hebrew כּוּזָר) were an early medieval, mixed tribe formed from the remnants of the On Oq Bodun and Nezäk tribes. They were seemingly Türük speakers; however, judging by their tamğa, they derived their political authority from the Xuna. The Xazar tribe made up the elite of the Xazar El that ruled over a mostly Oğur-speaking population.